Hello Luke,
If i'm not mistaken, you captured the queen from an existing colony ? If this colony only has 1 queen they rest of the colony is going to die now... I know there are plenty of ants probably where you live but i prefer catching queens after a nuptial flight.
If a colony is big enough they produce males ore (and) queens. These fly out to have a nuptial flight, the old queen stays inside and lives on with the rest of the colony. A colony without a queen is doomed to die.
Now you captured the queen with a few workers, if you captured enough workers they will survive, but like you said, the change of the queen been old is big (if it was a bigger colony you took her from). If you capture a new queen she will live longer.
Best way, catch a queen after nuptial flight and keep here in a test tube (water/cotton/queen/cotton) and keep her in there until she has workers. If possible catch more than one queen, not all queens are strong enough to start a colony.
Let us know who you are,
here.
Thanks !